{"id":123,"date":"2025-11-14T19:04:32","date_gmt":"2025-11-14T19:04:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/astroadnan.com\/?page_id=123"},"modified":"2025-12-20T21:15:09","modified_gmt":"2025-12-20T21:15:09","slug":"123-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/astroadnan.com\/","title":{"rendered":"Home"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"123\" class=\"elementor elementor-123\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b54ef23 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2b54ef23\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;,&quot;shape_divider_bottom&quot;:&quot;opacity-fan&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shape elementor-shape-bottom\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-negative=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 283.5 19.6\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\">\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" style=\"opacity:0.33\" d=\"M0 0L0 18.8 141.8 4.1 283.5 18.8 283.5 0z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" style=\"opacity:0.33\" d=\"M0 0L0 12.6 141.8 4 283.5 12.6 283.5 0z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" style=\"opacity:0.33\" d=\"M0 0L0 6.4 141.8 4 283.5 6.4 283.5 0z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" d=\"M0 0L0 1.2 141.8 4 283.5 1.2 283.5 0z\"\/>\n<\/svg>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b61450f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5b61450f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Adnan Ali AHMAD, Ph. D<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d7e99ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7d7e99ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Post-doctoral researcher, Star formation<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229f4ce4 elementor-testimonial--layout-image_left elementor-testimonial--align-left elementor-testimonial--skin-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-testimonial-carousel\" data-id=\"229f4ce4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;slides_per_view&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;slides_to_scroll&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;space_between&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:25,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;speed&quot;:500,&quot;space_between_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;space_between_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"testimonial-carousel.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-main-swiper swiper\" role=\"region\" aria-roledescription=\"carousel\" aria-label=\"Slides\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial__content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tI am a post-doctoral researcher in star formation, specializing in high-resolution numerical simulations of protostars, protoplanetary disks, and early stellar evolution. \n<br><br>My work combines gravity, radiation transport, and magneto-hydrodynamics to investigate the physical processes that shape young stars and sub-AU disk regions.<br><br>Through my research, I aim to advance our understanding of how stars and planetary systems emerge from collapsing molecular clouds.\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial__footer\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial__image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/astroadnan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/profile_avatar-690x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c6a86d7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6c6a86d7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f2aba11 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4f2aba11\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fb1490f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5fb1490f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Understanding How Stars and Planets Are Born<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b3a538c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b3a538c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Using high-performance astrophysical models, I explore the complex processes that shape protostars and protoplanetary disks. My research brings unprecedented detail to the earliest phases of stellar and planetary evolution.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5dcdd16e elementor-mobile-align-center elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"5dcdd16e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/astroadnan.com\/index.php\/publications\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-far-list-alt\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M464 32H48C21.49 32 0 53.49 0 80v352c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h416c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V80c0-26.51-21.49-48-48-48zm-6 400H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V86a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h404a6 6 0 0 1 6 6v340a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm-42-92v24c0 6.627-5.373 12-12 12H204c-6.627 0-12-5.373-12-12v-24c0-6.627 5.373-12 12-12h200c6.627 0 12 5.373 12 12zm0-96v24c0 6.627-5.373 12-12 12H204c-6.627 0-12-5.373-12-12v-24c0-6.627 5.373-12 12-12h200c6.627 0 12 5.373 12 12zm0-96v24c0 6.627-5.373 12-12 12H204c-6.627 0-12-5.373-12-12v-24c0-6.627 5.373-12 12-12h200c6.627 0 12 5.373 12 12zm-252 12c0 19.882-16.118 36-36 36s-36-16.118-36-36 16.118-36 36-36 36 16.118 36 36zm0 96c0 19.882-16.118 36-36 36s-36-16.118-36-36 16.118-36 36-36 36 16.118 36 36zm0 96c0 19.882-16.118 36-36 36s-36-16.118-36-36 16.118-36 36-36 36 16.118 36 36z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Discover my work<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7830e259 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7830e259\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23825ec4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"23825ec4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"451\" src=\"https:\/\/astroadnan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/20240930_140440-1024x577.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-10\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/astroadnan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/20240930_140440-1024x577.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/astroadnan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/20240930_140440-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/astroadnan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/20240930_140440-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/astroadnan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/20240930_140440-1536x865.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/astroadnan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/20240930_140440-2048x1153.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47c947d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"47c947d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa67930 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"aa67930\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Star formation with unprecedented fidelity<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fce9f15 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fce9f15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>At the Center for Astrophysical Research (CRAL) of ENS Lyon, I investigate the earliest stages of\u00a0<strong>star and planet formation<\/strong> through <strong>high-performance computational astrophysics<\/strong>.<\/p><p>By carrying out <strong>high-resolution simulations<\/strong> that self-consistently model\u00a0<strong>gravity<\/strong>, <strong>radiation transport<\/strong>, and <strong>magnetic fields<\/strong>, I study the physical processes governing the formation and evolution of <strong>protostars\u00a0<\/strong>and <strong>circumstellar disks<\/strong>. My research specifically targets the critical<br \/><strong>inner region (sub-AU scales)<\/strong> to understand the\u00a0<strong>initial conditions for star and planet formation<\/strong>, as well as the\u00a0<strong>dynamics of the star\u2013disk connection<\/strong>.<\/p><p>My research directly addresses several long-standing challenges in astrophysics, including the\u00a0<strong>angular momentum problem<\/strong>, the <strong>magnetic flux problem<\/strong>, the <strong>luminosity problem<\/strong>, and the <strong>disk mass problem<\/strong>.<br \/>My work also extends to <strong>planetology<\/strong>, in which I offer insights on the\u00a0<strong>transport of high-temperature condensates<\/strong> in the early Solar System,<br \/>allowing us to better interpret the <strong>composition of meteorites<\/strong>.<\/p><p>My simulations incorporate advanced numerical techniques and leverage\u00a0<strong>high-performance computing<\/strong> to achieve unprecedented fidelity in modeling these\u00a0<strong>complex and highly non-linear astrophysical processes<\/strong>.<\/p><p><em>Below is a curated gallery of my work.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-172ae33 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"172ae33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c01fb7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c01fb7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a4613d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8a4613d\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76daaef elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"76daaef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;hosted&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;play_on_mobile&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;loop&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-hosted-video elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<video class=\"elementor-video\" src=\"https:\/\/astroadnan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/the_great_zoom.mp4\" autoplay=\"\" loop=\"\" controls=\"\" playsinline=\"\" controlsList=\"nodownload\" poster=\"https:\/\/astroadnan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/AMR.png\"><\/video>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33bf73f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"33bf73f\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7a0864 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d7a0864\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Method: Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR)<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8efb4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b8efb4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSimulating the birth of stars and disks presents a formidable numerical challenge, requiring a model that couples highly non-linear physics with an immense dynamical range. My simulations span over 17 orders of magnitude in density (<math xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n  <msup>\n    <mn>10<\/mn>\n    <mrow data-mjx-texclass=\"ORD\">\n      <mn>5<\/mn>\n    <\/mrow>\n  <\/msup>\n  <mtext>&#xA0;<\/mtext>\n  <mo>&#x2212;<\/mo>\n  <msup>\n    <mn>10<\/mn>\n    <mrow data-mjx-texclass=\"ORD\">\n      <mn>22<\/mn>\n    <\/mrow>\n  <\/msup>\n  <mtext>&#xA0;<\/mtext>\n  <mrow data-mjx-texclass=\"ORD\">\n    <msup>\n      <mi data-mjx-auto-op=\"false\">cm<\/mi>\n      <mrow data-mjx-texclass=\"ORD\">\n        <mo>&#x2212;<\/mo>\n        <mn>3<\/mn>\n      <\/mrow>\n    <\/msup>\n  <\/mrow>\n<\/math>) and 8 orders of magnitude in spatial extent (<math xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n  <msup>\n    <mn>10<\/mn>\n    <mrow data-mjx-texclass=\"ORD\">\n      <mn>4<\/mn>\n    <\/mrow>\n  <\/msup>\n  <mtext>&#xA0;<\/mtext>\n  <mo>&#x2212;<\/mo>\n  <msup>\n    <mn>10<\/mn>\n    <mrow data-mjx-texclass=\"ORD\">\n      <mo>&#x2212;<\/mo>\n      <mn>4<\/mn>\n    <\/mrow>\n  <\/msup>\n  <mtext>&#xA0;<\/mtext>\n  <mrow data-mjx-texclass=\"ORD\">\n    <mi data-mjx-auto-op=\"false\">AU<\/mi>\n  <\/mrow>\n<\/math>). To tackle this challenge, I employ Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR), which selectively increases the resolution in collapsing regions. The animation below illustrates this dynamical range: the color map shows the gas column density, while the white contours trace the AMR levels, highlighting how the simulation adapts to resolve relevant structures across different scales.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2769c2 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a2769c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc2993b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fc2993b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41627a7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"41627a7\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-097cfeb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"097cfeb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Birth of protostars and circumstellar disks<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f788b17 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f788b17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>While disks are often studied in their evolved stages as planet-forming environments, my simulations tackle their initial formation via the gravitational collapse of a gas and dust cloud. By modeling the full dynamical range of the first and second collapse (Larson 1969), these simulations self-consistently form both the protostar and the circumstellar disk, providing a first-principles framework for their detailed study.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69c1178 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"69c1178\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1068870 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1068870\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"769\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/astroadnan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/MHD_3D-769x1024.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-11\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/astroadnan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/MHD_3D-769x1024.png 769w, https:\/\/astroadnan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/MHD_3D-225x300.png 225w, https:\/\/astroadnan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/MHD_3D-768x1023.png 768w, https:\/\/astroadnan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/MHD_3D.png 970w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 769px) 100vw, 769px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9cff6ec elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9cff6ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca4b01b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ca4b01b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1cd2941 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1cd2941\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12ed0d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"12ed0d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;hosted&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;play_on_mobile&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;loop&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-hosted-video elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<video class=\"elementor-video\" src=\"https:\/\/astroadnan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/output_timed.mp4\" autoplay=\"\" loop=\"\" controls=\"\" playsinline=\"\" controlsList=\"nodownload\" poster=\"https:\/\/astroadnan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Capture-decran-2025-11-15-014018.png\"><\/video>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bb99ca e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5bb99ca\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0157909 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0157909\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Brown Dwarf Formation<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-efdea76 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"efdea76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBrown Dwarf are rather puzzling objects: too massive to be planets, yet not enough to fuse hydrogen and be considered stars. Their dominant formation mechanism remains debated, with proposed scenarios including turbulent fragmentation, disk fragmentation, and ejection from multiple systems. My simulations explore the gravitational collapse of low-mass dense cores to simulate the direct formation of Brown Dwarfs. Below, you can find a 3D animation showcasing the first month after the formation of a Brown Dwarf through gravitational collapse. Born with a radius of\u00a0<math xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n  <mo>&#x2248;<\/mo>\n  <mn>0.75<\/mn>\n  <mtext>&#xA0;<\/mtext>\n  <mrow data-mjx-texclass=\"ORD\">\n    <msub>\n      <mi mathvariant=\"normal\">R<\/mi>\n      <mrow data-mjx-texclass=\"ORD\">\n        <mo>&#x2299;<\/mo>\n      <\/mrow>\n    <\/msub>\n  <\/mrow>\n<\/math>\u00a0and mass\u00a0<math xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n  <mo>&#x2248;<\/mo>\n  <mn>0.8<\/mn>\n  <mtext>&#xA0;<\/mtext>\n  <mrow data-mjx-texclass=\"ORD\">\n    <msub>\n      <mi mathvariant=\"normal\">M<\/mi>\n      <mrow data-mjx-texclass=\"ORD\">\n        <mi data-mjx-auto-op=\"false\">Jup<\/mi>\n      <\/mrow>\n    <\/msub>\n  <\/mrow>\n<\/math>, it quickly grows by accreting from its surroundings. Angular momentum accretion also causes it to flatten along its equatorial regions.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-566b57a elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"566b57a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f536b4b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f536b4b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f50b9de e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f50b9de\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0449fa0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0449fa0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Interpreting the meteoric record<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c034b46 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c034b46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCalcium aluminium-rich inclusions (CAIs) are high-temperature condensates that directly cristalyzed close to the young Sun shortly after its formation. Their presence in carbonaceous chondrites beyond the orbit of Jupiter suggests that they were subsequently transported outward to the colder regions of the protoplanetary disk where these meteorites formed. My simulations of the protosolar disk\u2019s early evolution reveal a natural mechanism for this transport: the rapid initial expansion of the disk itself. The animation below illustrates this process, disk surface in blue and the protostellar surface in green. White streamlines are velocity vector field streamlines that illustrate polar accretion into the protostar, and the image panels are cross-sectional slices displaying the radiative flux. Notice how efficient the expansion is, with the disk growing to\u00a0<math xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n  <mo>&#x2248;<\/mo>\n  <mn>0.5<\/mn>\n<\/math>AU in radius in less that 1.5 years.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-09505b9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"09505b9\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bad3ee5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"bad3ee5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;hosted&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;play_on_mobile&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;loop&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-hosted-video elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<video class=\"elementor-video\" src=\"https:\/\/astroadnan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/disk_formation.mp4\" autoplay=\"\" loop=\"\" controls=\"\" playsinline=\"\" controlsList=\"nodownload\"><\/video>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc97152 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"fc97152\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64d746d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"64d746d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8910219 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8910219\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1266bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a1266bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/astroadnan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/lum_problem-1024x576.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-234\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/astroadnan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/lum_problem-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/astroadnan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/lum_problem-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/astroadnan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/lum_problem-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/astroadnan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/lum_problem-1536x864.png 1536w, https:\/\/astroadnan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/lum_problem-2048x1152.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fef121 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6fef121\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33d3bf6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"33d3bf6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Analyzing the radiative efficiency of protostellar shock fronts<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b3480e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b3480e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tProtostars mainly shine by radiating away the incoming kinetic energy of the gas that they accrete as accretion luminosity\u00a0<math xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n  <msub>\n    <mi>L<\/mi>\n    <mrow data-mjx-texclass=\"ORD\">\n      <mrow data-mjx-texclass=\"ORD\">\n        <mi data-mjx-auto-op=\"false\">acc<\/mi>\n      <\/mrow>\n    <\/mrow>\n  <\/msub>\n  <mo>=<\/mo>\n  <mfrac>\n    <mrow>\n      <mi>G<\/mi>\n      <msub>\n        <mi>M<\/mi>\n        <mrow data-mjx-texclass=\"ORD\">\n          <mo>&#x2217;<\/mo>\n        <\/mrow>\n      <\/msub>\n      <mrow data-mjx-texclass=\"ORD\">\n        <mover>\n          <mi>M<\/mi>\n          <mo>&#x2D9;<\/mo>\n        <\/mover>\n      <\/mrow>\n    <\/mrow>\n    <msub>\n      <mi>R<\/mi>\n      <mrow data-mjx-texclass=\"ORD\">\n        <mo>&#x2217;<\/mo>\n      <\/mrow>\n    <\/msub>\n  <\/mfrac>\n<\/math>. Understanding how this energy is processed at the protostellar shock front is crucial for accurately modeling the protostar\u2019s subsequent thermal evolution and for reliably quantifying its radiative feedback. By employing high-resolution simulations that fully resolve the radiative shock front, its radiative behavior can be studied in detail.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Adnan Ali AHMAD, Ph. D Post-doctoral researcher, Star formation I am a post-doctoral researcher in star formation, specializing in high-resolution numerical simulations of protostars, protoplanetary disks, and early stellar evolution. My work combines gravity, radiation transport, and magneto-hydrodynamics to investigate the physical processes that shape young stars and sub-AU disk regions. Through my research, I [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-123","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/astroadnan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/123","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/astroadnan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/astroadnan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/astroadnan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/astroadnan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=123"}],"version-history":[{"count":90,"href":"https:\/\/astroadnan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/123\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":426,"href":"https:\/\/astroadnan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/123\/revisions\/426"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/astroadnan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=123"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}